The Bible and the Pleiades
THE BIBLE AND THE PLEIADES

Introduction: the science of the Bible versus the science of man
As a geocentrist, I come in contact with a great many skeptics.
That should surprise no one. Some of them, when I explain the
rationale for my stance, come to believe with me. Others loose a lot of
their skepticism and hostility yet cannot quite bring themselves to
believe in the geocentric model; and very many refuse to listen or
consider the issues. To them, science has proven once and for all that
the earth moves.

Now throughout history there have been many things that science
has "proven once and for all," at least in the mind of those who know
a little science. As related in the book Geocentricity, the Right
Reverend John Wilkins (1614-1672) argued that the Bible should not
be taken literally in its scientific pronouncements because Psalm 19:6
says that the sun is hot. According to that Anglican Bishop, science
has proven that the sun is not hot, that it was merely a mirror,
reflecting the light from the lake of fire. Likewise, from before the
days of Wilkins, through the time of the mathematician Leonhard
Euler (1707-1783), it was widely argued in Europe that the Bible
should not be believed because it makes of the earth a special place.
Although Euler himself did not believe it, back in those days popular
science had "proven" that the sun, moon, planets, and stars were
inhabited; so God had no reason to make of the earth a special place.

Today Mormonism and Adventism still believe that.
In the above examples, people placed their faith in the
pronouncements of "modern science" instead of in the words of the
Scriptures; and in each case "modern science" was proven wrong. The
"modern science" of yesteryear is today's superstition (Acts 17:22).
We have no reason to doubt that today's "modern" science will look
just as silly to the practitioners of "modern" science in A.D. 2200,
should the Lord tarry. Those who place their faith in science when it
contradicts the Bible, place their trust in a proven loser.

So it is that we take up the nature of stars as presented in the
Holy Bible, the nature of the Pleiades star cluster in particular. The
Bible has much to say about stars, and it sounds strange to our ears to
hear that men once believed that the stars, and most particularly the
sun, are inhabited. Had we questioned them as to why they seriously
thought such we would have received reasons which on the surface
seem reasonable. For example, some may have told us that prophets
such as Emmanuel Swedenborg had talked with the inhabitants of
these other worlds. Indeed, it was during one such séance with the
inhabitants of the moon and Mars that Swedenborg was told how the
solar system was created.

That "revelation" is still the standard theory
for the formation of the solar system. Back in those days LaPlace put
the "revelation" in a pseudo-mathematical form and it came to be
known as the Nebular Hypothesis. Asking the faithful of that ancient
belief for a second reason, we might be told that the ancients believed
the same. Is that any different than the von Daniken "ancient visitors
from space" speculations?

Likewise, if we had asked Kepler how he could know so certainly
that the earth rotates instead of the cosmos rotating about the earth
once per day, he may have invoked the inhabitants of the moon to tell
us. In an early science fiction story he wrote, Kepler proposed that the
inhabitants of the moon could prove it by taking people to the moon
along the shadow of an eclipse and could show them, from the moon,
that the earth rotates. In recent history the same argument (but using
astronauts instead of moon people) has been popularized by anti
geocentric Creationists. The argument, of course, is equivalent to
saying that because you can see all sides of the engine at the center of
a carousel "rotating" as you ride on the carousel, that this proves that
the engine rotates and the horses on the carousel stand still.
Now this notion that the sun, moon, and stars are inhabited is not
at all new. Consider for a moment what Adamantius Origen wrote
about the stars.

Origen's view of the nature of the stars
Although condemned as a heretic shortly after his death, and
regarded as such for over a thousand years since, in the last couple of
hundred years Origen has been reincarnated as the darling father of
the critical bible. It is interesting to see how this man, who devoted
his entire life to reconciling the unholy philosophies of Plato with the
"philosophies" of God's Holy Bible, viewed the stars.

We ought first to inquire after this point, whether it is
allowable to suppose that [the stars] are living and rational
beings; then, in the next place, whether their souls came into
existence at the same time with their bodies, or seem to be
anterior to them; and also whether, after the end of the world, we
are to understand that they are to be released from their bodies;
and whether, as we cease to live, so they also will cease from
illuminating the world. …We think then that they may be
designated as living beings, for this reason, that they are said to
receive the commandments from God, which is ordinarily the
case only with rational beings. "I have given a commandment to
all the stars." (Isaiah 45:121) … And seeing that the stars move
with such order and regularity, that their movements never
appear to be at any time subject to derangement, would it not be
the height of folly to say that so orderly an observance of method
and plan could be carried out or accomplished by irrational
beings? In the writings of Jeremiah, indeed the moon is called
the queen of heaven.2 Yet if the stars are living and rational
1 Isaiah 45:12 "I have made the earth, and created man upon it: I, even my hands, have
stretched out the heavens, and all their host have I commanded." The word "host," which
Origen says is "stars," is never used for stars in the Bible. Hosts means the armies or
company of heaven.

2 The queen of heaven is mentioned several times in Jeremiah and the moon is mentioned
twice (Jeremiah 8:2 and 31:35), but nowhere is there the least hint that the moon is the
beings, there will undoubtedly appear among them both an
advance and a falling back … Job appears to assert that not only
may the stars be subject to sin, but even that they are actually not
clean from contagion of it. "The stars also are not clean in thy
sight." (Job 25:5.3)4
So we see that Origen believed not just that the stars are
inhabited, but that the stars themselves are alive and that each has a
soul. That notion is totally foreign to the Bible, as can be seen in the
footnotes. Today, scientists may not (yet?) believe what Origen
believed about the stars, but many believe a similar thing about the
earth. The notion that the spirit of the earth, Gaia, will protect the
earth is such a superstition. (By the way, Gaia is the name of the
elephant upon whose back, according to Hindu mythology, rests the
earth.) But belief in Gaia has not in the least helped the Hindus
improve their lot in life, nor has their faith in Gaia helped them
achieve harmony with the earth, let alone with their fellow man. Yet
many "modern" scientists, politicians, and businessmen are looking to
Gaia to save them from perils real and imagined. Is that really so different
from anything Origen believed? They are all too superstitious
(Acts 17:22).
Now in all fairness, angels are called stars in the Holy Bible.
Revelation 1:20 says:
The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right
hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the
angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which
thou sawest are the seven churches.
Jesus is himself referred to as "the bright and morning star" in
Revelation 22:16. Likewise a third of the angels are referred to as "the
third part of the stars of heaven" in Revelation 12:4, but whenever an
angel appears in earth, he has the appearance of a man—without
wings (Genesis 19:1, 15; Hebrews 13:2; etc.). And John is very bold
queen of heaven. The moon appears nowhere near the context of the queen of heaven there,
or anywhere else in the Bible.
3 Job 25:5 "Behold even to the moon, and it shineth not; yea, the stars are not pure in his
sight." Sin is not in the context.
4 Menzies, Allen, 1990. The Ante-Necene Fathers, 4, (Grand Rapids Michigan: Wm. B.
Eerdmans Publ. Co.), p. 263.

in Revelation 21:17 and 22:8-9 to equate angels with men. Angels are
also associated with flames and spirits (Hebrews 1:7). So the teaching
of the Bible about the nature of angels is not as simple as Origen
thought it to be.
Rather than stars being living and rational beings as Origen
believed, it is more Scriptural to think of the stars as types, and
perhaps the abode of at least some of the angels. Perhaps the stars are
the chains referred to in Jude 6 where we read: "And the angels which
kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath
reserved in everlasting chains under darkness unto the judgment of the
great day." Here "under darkness" would refer to the darkness of
outer space. But I speculate, for other interpretations are possible, too.
It seems then that though Origen built his speculation on a simplistic
view of a basic Bible truth, he carried it too far. As for me, I am not
prepared to write a treatise on the stars as found in the Holy Bible.
Still, we will see many of these stellar elements in the facts and lore of
the Pleiades. But first, a bit about that lovely jewel in the sky.

The Pleiades as a star cluster
The Pleiades is what astronomers call an open cluster or a
galactic cluster (the latter because they are confined to the plane of the
galaxy, the Milky Way). Such a cluster's stars are grouped in random
but decreasing number outwards from the cluster center. In the case of
the Pleiades the outline of the brightest stars is that of a tiny dipper or
cup. Classically the Pleiades are said to consist of seven stars, one of
which is missing. Normal adults see six or seven stars; those with
excellent vision see about 10. Children see 12 to 14 stars. There are
about 200 stars in the core of the cluster which is about two degrees in
diameter (four times the apparent diameter of the full moon), and
when extending the area out to six degrees, one counts about 500 stars.
The cluster is about 360 light years from earth and is some 30 light
years in diameter. The entire cluster is slowly moving to the southwest.
The number of stars in a given volume in the cluster is about
three times what it is in the solar neighborhood.
Most of the brighter stars in the cluster, indeed all the brightest
ones, are hot stars, white to bluish-white in color. They are embedded
in a wispy nebulosity (clouds). This issue's cover shows a longexposure
photograph taken at Kitt Peak National Observatory. You
can see the dust clouds, reminiscent of cirrus clouds, about the stars as
well as between them. I've enhanced the contrast to make the
streaking more apparent. The mystery is why the wisps should go in
all directions, apparently at random. (The mysterious forms at the
edge of the circular photo are due to edge effects caused mostly by
light reflection off the interior of the telescope tube, and partly by
contact printing, since the exposure is not on film but on a glass plate.)
Figure 2 shows all the stars in the Pleiades region visible through
a small telescope. It also shows the official modern names of the
brightest stars of the Pleiades. The star names are not necessarily
those assigned by the ancients, though the names conform to Greek
legend. The Greek Pleiades were seven sisters named Alcyone,
Sterope, Electra, Celaeno, Maia, Merope, and Taygeta. Atlas was
their father and Pleione was their mother, but the stars bearing the
parental names on Figure 1 were not given those until about four or
five hundred years ago; Pleione by Michel Florent van Langren
(Langrenus) of Antwerp, and Atlas by the Jesuit, Ricioli. The rest of
the star names may not be all that much older.

Figure 2: The Pleiades

The seven brightest stars in the cluster are, in order from
brightest to faintest, Alcyone (magnitude 2.96), Atlas (3.80), Electra
(3.81), Maia (4.02), Merope (4.25), Taygeta (4.37), and Pleione (5.0-
5.5, an irregular variable star of the P-Cygni class). Since Pleione is
hard to see in the glare of Atlas, Celaeno (5.43) may be seen as the
seventh instead of the eighth. The ninth brightest star is Asterope (or
Sterope). It consists of two stars which are so close together that they
appear as one star of magnitude 5.85. Except for Alcyone, the names
do not appear to be too ancient.

The Pleiades in the Holy Bible
From time immemorial the Hebrews and the Christian Church
have linked the constellations to the truths of scriptures. The
Hebrews, for example, maintain that the constellation of Orion the
hunter, which they call Kesil, (meaning fool), was usurped by Nimrod
(Gen. 10:8-9) to immortalize himself in the sky. Indeed, most of the
pagan accounts of the Pleiades even have Biblical overtones. Thus
many ancients associate Taurus, the constellation in which the
Pleiades is found, with the flood of Noah, and they associate the
Pleiades with the ark. Related to that, some regard the Pleiades as
doves. Of course, we know Noah sent a single dove from the ark
(Gen. 8:8), not seven, but the connection is there nevertheless.
In the Bible the Pleiades, also called the "seven stars," are
mentioned seven times. In Hebrew they are called Kimah which
means either a tablet, or a cup. A tablet is a flat ornament of precious
metal worn about a person. It may be inscribed. Strong's Exhaustive
Concordance says "cluster" for the meaning (from his 3558), but the
root word there means "store," so the derivation is dubious. The
Euphratean name for the Pleiades is dimmena, which means
"foundation" or "faithful." Since the letters k and d are regarded as
interchangeable in the study of word origins, the Euphratean name's
meaning exactly matches Strong's number 3559 instead of 3558. The
meanings faithful, tablet, or cup can all apply to the Pleiades in the
Bible.
As far as the Greek word, pleiades, is concerned, the derivation
is said to be uncertain and, as we shall see, several homonyms are
brought to bear on ascertaining the meaning of the name. My own
research points to a meaning of "plenty," "many," or "greater."
Below are all seven references to the Pleiades or seven stars in
the Holy Bible:
Job 9:9 Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the
chambers of the south.
Job 38:31 Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or
loose the bands of Orion?

Amos 5:8 Seek him that maketh the seven stars and Orion, and
turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the
day dark with night: that calleth for the waters of the sea, and
poureth them out upon the face of the earth: The LORD is his
name
Revelation 1:16 And he had in his right hand seven stars: and
out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his
countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength.
Revelation 1:20 The mystery of the seven stars which thou
sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The
seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven
candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches.
Revelation 2:1 Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write;
These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right
hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks
Revelation 3:1 And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write;
These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the
seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou
livest, and art dead.
From the above verses is clear that Biblically the Pleiades
represent the spirits of seven churches. These churches correspond:
1. To seven churches in Asia Minor (now Turkey; see Figure 3),
which existed at the time John wrote the Revelation at the end of
the first century.
2. To the seven church ages into which the history of the Church
can be divided. Ephesus, A.D. 33-200; Smyrna, 200-325; Pergamos,
325-500; Thyatira, 500-1000; Sardis 1000-1600;
Philadelphia, 1600-1900; and Laodicea, 1900-present. Each of
these ages is characterized by the spirit described for it in the
second and third chapters of the Revelation.
12 The Bible and the Pleiades

3. To seven churches representing
seven churches
which will again exist in
the future. This is
suggested by the emphasis
on works in the prophecies
about the seven Asian
churches. There is the
offer of rewards for overcoming,
for example, but
according to 1 John 4:4
and 5:5, all Christians are
overcomers by faith. In
verses such as Rev. 2:7
eternal life is tied to
"overcoming," but
Christians already have eternal life, hidden in the Lord Jesus
Christ, and don't need to eat from the tree of life to live eternally.
For a Christian, that which is here rewarded with eternal life is
nothing more than "reasonable service" (Rom. 12:1). Thus we
look to a future fulfillment of these seven churches, probably in
the time of the great tribulation or Jacob's trouble (Jer. 30:7).
The Bible itself interprets the seven stars as the seven churches,
the mysterious "sweet influences" referred to in Amos 5:8 are now
clearly identifiable as the sweet influences of the Gospel of Jesus
Christ as ministered by these seven angels. The sweet influences were
proclaimed by the prophets in the Old Testament, the believer-priests
in the current dispensation (1 Peter 2:9), and kings in the next
dispensation (Rev. 1:5-6). Amos 5:8 is key, for it associates the
Pleiades with the resurrection (turning the shadow of death into the
morning—see Mat. 28), Orion with the darkness (occultism) that
darkens even the day, and the Pleiades with the rain or start of the
rainy season, a theme associated with them around the world.
Before we look at some of the pagan perversions of this biblical
truth, we should take note of Revelation 2:5—"Remember therefore
from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else
I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of
his place, except thou repent." The threat is that the first of the seven,
Ephesus, may no longer shine in his place. We find that tales of a
missing Pleiad are world-wide.

The Pleiades as a constellation
Today the Pleiades are officially considered part of the
constellation of Taurus the bull. Most people view the Pleiades as
located on the shoulder of the bull, some on the neck, and others on
the back. Hyginus placed them on the hindquarter while Pliny,
Columella, Vitruvius, and Nicander placed them on the tail of the bull.
Pliny is also reported to have made them out as a separate
constellation. Eratosthenes, Homer, and Hesiod placed them above the
bull and separate from it. Eudoxus and Aratos placed them near the
knees of Perseus, a constellation to the north of them, and again
separate from Taurus. The Jews and Arabians place the Pleiades as on
the rump of Aries, the ram, which is the constellation to the east of
them. The Hindus place them on the head of the bull. The rest of the
ancient world seems to view the Pleiades as a separate constellation.

Figure 4: Orion, Taurus, and the Pleiades.

(The horizontal scale is slightly exaggerated.)
The Pleiades as virtuous maidens
In the West, the best-known tale of the Pleiades hails from
Greece. According to Greek legend, Orion met Pleione and her seven
nymph daughters in Boeotia and pursued them through the woods for
five years until Zeus translated them all, Pleione, her seven virtuous
daughters, Orion, and even his dog into the heaven as the respective
constellations (the constellation of the dog is Canis Major). Figure 4
shows the locations of the constellations Orion, Taurus the bull, and
the Pleiades. All the daughters of Pleione became ancestresses of
divine or heroic families. As for the missing Pleiad, various accounts
say it is Electra mourning for Troy, or Merope in shame for marrying
the mortal, king Sisyphus, and so settling for far less than her sisters
who all married gods.
Despite the beclouding of the ancient Bible truth in the Greek
tale, the biblical truth is still recognizable. According to the Jews,
Orion is Nimrod, the founder of the Babylonian religious system,
which for more than four thousand years has pursued all the children
of the living God, even his Church to this very day. Their Father
upholds the earth with the word of his power (Hebrews 1:3), and their
mother is Jerusalem which is above (Galatians 4:26).
As the Church is a chaste virgin, washed by the blood of the
lamb, we are not surprised that Hesiod should refer to the Pleiades as
seven virgins. Likewise the rabbis call the Pleiades the Succoth
Renoth, the booths of the maidens. The Syrian name for the asterism
also means "booths."
Even the queen of heaven gets into the act. The transformation
of the virgin queen into a star was rather late as far as legends are
concerned; yet, Ishtar, whose pagan holiday is Easter, reputedly
became one of the Pleiades. This is, to the Christian at least, an
obvious corruption of the figure of the church, the bride of Christ.
Insofar as Jesus is the King of kings, and king of heaven in particular,
his bride, the Church, is the "queen" of heaven. Nevertheless, the
Holy Bible never refers to the Church as the queen of heaven, and all
scriptural references to the queen of heaven are negative (see Jeremiah
44:17 v.f.).
The Missing Pleiad
In the Bible, there is the threat to the angel of the church at
Ephesus that his candlestick may be removed. According to the rest of
the world, the star is gone. We have already seen the Greek account of
the missing Pleiad. Tales of a missing star are found in other places in
Europe, in China, India, Japan, the Americas, Africa, and Australia.
The Pirt-Kopan-noot tribe of Australia tell a tale of a missing Pleiad.
According to their tradition, the Pleiades were a chieftess named
Gneeanggar and her six attendants. Waa, the crow (the star Canopus),
fell in love with her. One day while the women were hunting grubs,
Waa changed himself into a white grub and bored himself into a tree
trunk to await his love who was sure to find him. When she stuck her
bone hook into the hole he let her draw him out, turned into a giant,
and carried her away. Since then only the six attendants remain. The
Africans say that there are seven stars but that one, plain and not as
beautiful as her sisters, hides herself for shame. (This suggests
Pleione, the star that can be lost in Atlas's glare.)

The Pleiades as birds
The association the Australian aborigines drew between the
Pleiades and a bird is wide-spread. Many other peoples associate the
Pleiades with birds. For example, Athenaeus, Hesiod, Pindor,
Simonides, and Sicily call them the seven doves. In the Bible, doves
are associated with spirits. The ancients associate Taurus with the
Noaic flood and Pleiades with the ark, again tying the constellation to
the dove and indirectly to the heavenly Jerusalem.
In the Coverdale Bible of 1535, the margin note to the reference
in Job reads "these vii starres, the clock henne with her chicks"
reflecting the then-common name for the Pleiades among the northcentral
and Western Europeans, namely hen and chickens (a reference
to Jerusalem, Mat. 23:37). This is said to have come from Aben Razel
and other Hebrew writers, who remarked on the similarity between the
Greek word for Pleiades and the Greek word for chicken coop. The
Japanese also saw the Pleiades as a hen and her chicks.
The Samoans know the Pleiades as the bird of paradise, the first
hint of a link between the Pleiades and paradise.

The Pleiades as a grape cluster
Not nearly as many peoples associate the Pleiades with a cluster
of grapes, but there are some, and through them we are reminded of
the "new wine" mentioned in connection with the birth of the Church
in Acts 2:13. But before that, the birth of the nation of Israel is
associated with a cluster of grapes. At the time Israel was to enter the
promised land, the spies brought back a cluster of grapes (Numbers
13:20-24). By their subsequent rebellion Israel forfeited that entry,
and when they finally did enter the land some 39 years later, it was as
a figure for a future fulfillment. This future fulfillment is the
Millennial kingdom which follows the Tribulation and, as noted
earlier, there are seven churches in Asia mentioned before the start of
the Tribulation. Those seven churches are the vehicle, the ark, that
shows the way of salvation throughout the Tribulation, the strait gate
through which is reached the sabbath kingdom promised in the Old
Testament.

The Pleiades as flames
The Hindus regard the Pleiades as seven flames. Here, too,
Biblical overtones are in evidence, for we saw earlier that the flame of
fire is associated with spirits and angels. The association between
Pleiad and flame manifests itself in that the appearance of the Pleiades
in the evening sky of October-November initiates the festival of lamps
celebrated throughout the Far East at that time of year. The seven
flames also remind us of the seven lamps of the candlestick Moses
made for the tabernacle (Ex. 25:31 v.f.). The candlestick is in the
Holy of Holies and represents the Holy Ghost who indwells the
Christian believer. Its seven lights represent the seven Spirits of God
which constitute the Holy Ghost (Rev. 1:4; Isa. 11:1-2).

The Pleiades as the seat of immortality
The brightest star in the Pleiades is called Alcyone. In Greek
this word can mean the center or pivot, but another possible meaning
is contained in the variant, Halcyone, which means heavenly. In
Greek mythology, one has to cross the Alkyonic Lake in order to reach
the spirit world. The word halcyone is also found among the natives
of Mexico to refer to the bird of paradise. The name for the star
Alcyone in Arabic is Al Wasat, which also means the central one
according to the important Arab astronomer Ulug Begh. The Arab,
Hafiz, reported that the Pleiades were the seal or seat of immortality,
that is, of Paradise. This view was shared by the Berbers of Morocco,
some of the Moors, and the Dyaks of Borneo.
To compound the influence, the Pleiades are associated with the
feast of the dead on November 1 as celebrated by the Roman Catholic
Church in Europe, the Celtic Druids, and the natives of Peru. In
Australia, the event sparked a three-day celebration in honor of the
Pleiades.

The pervasiveness of the Pleiades as the spiritual center or seat of
the universe led Wright, in 1750, to propose that the Pleiades are at
the physical center of the universe. In 1846 this led to the suggestion
by Maedler that the whole universe revolved around Alcyone.
Now the reason behind Maedler's speculation was that some
years before, Sir William Herschel noted that stars seemed to be
streaming past the sun away from the constellation Hercules. This he
interpreted as due to the sun's motion towards that constellation.
Today the motion is held caused by the sun's orbital motion about the
center of the Milky Way, but the nature of the Milky Way wasn't
known in the nineteenth century and so Maedler suggested the the
center of the orbit lay in the opposite direction from the center of the
Milky Way, around the Pleiades. This he did with no proof
whatsoever that his conjecture was true, yet it was a popular idea in
the nineteenth century and has resurfaced from time to time in the
twentieth century.

The Pleiades and geocentricity
Throughout the above accounts, those knowledgeable about the
Bible will see the many veiled references pointing to the Church. The
suggestion is that it is the Church, the true Bride of Christ, the one
described in the Holy Bible and none other, which occasions that the
earth is located at the center of the universe. It was for that Bride that
Jesus Christ, God himself, came; and he shed his blood to redeem her.
Her members, even those who believe on the Lord Jesus Christ, are
assured eternal life, even the resurrection from the dead. Finally, the
Lord Jesus Christ will return for her and she will be his wife for ever.
But until that day, she is the light of the world (flame), is indwelt by
the Holy Ghost (who is the seven Spirits of God), who came upon her
betrothed, the Lord Jesus Christ, in the form of a dove (Mat. 3:16).
The gospel of grace she presents to the world, that eternal life and
forgiveness of sins are the free gift of God to the sinner who will but
believe it, embodies the sweet influences spoke of by the prophet
Amos; for these influences are shed abroad by the seven Spirits of
God.
When we look at the lore associated world-wide with the Pleiades
we find there threads of all the elements connected with the Church in
the Holy Bible. There can be little doubt that the original pattern,
perhaps dating back to Adam who was the first astronomer among
Jewish and early Christian writers, is at least in part preserved in the
world's myths and tales of the Pleiades. We find then, in the Pleiades,
a strong type of the Church of God.
Bibliography
Richard Hinkley Allen, 1899. Dover Edition: Star Names: Their Lore
and Meaning, (New York: Dover Publ. Inc.), 1963.
Canon Birks, 1878. "The Bible and Modern Astronomy," Journal of
the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, 10:402-420.
Robert Brown, 1899. Primitive Constellations, vols. 1&2, (London:
Williams and Northgate).
Ethelbert W. Bullinger, 1893. The Witness of the Stars, reprinted
(Grand Rapids: Kregel Publications), 1967.
R. G. Haliburton, 1881. "Primitive Traditions as to the Pleiades,"
Nature, 25:100-101. Also "Primitive Traditions as to the
Pleiades," ibid., 25:317-318, 1882.
BIBLICAL ASTRONOMER, No. 87 19
Burton F. Jones, 1970. "Internal Motions of the Pleiades,"
Astronomical Journal, 75:563-574.
William Tyler Olcott, 1907. A Field Book of the Stars, (New York &
London: G. P. Putnam's Sons).
Joseph A. Seiss, 1882. The Gospel In the Stars, reprinted (Grand
Rapids: Kregel Publications), 1972.
Edward B. Tylor, 1881. "Australian Aborigines," Nature, 24:529-530.
Also "Primitive Traditions as to the Pleiades", ibid., 25:150-151.